Moving to fulfill a campaign promise, President Donald Trump signed an executive order last week calling for the dismantling of the Education Department, an agency Republicans talked about closing for decades.
The order says Education Secretary Linda McMahon will, "to the maximum extent appropriate and permitted by law, take all necessary steps to facilitate the closure of the Department of Education and return authority over education to the States and local communities."
Eliminating the department completely would be a cumbersome task and likely would require an act of Congress.
Since Trump took office Jan. 20, his administration already cut the department's staff in half and overhauled much of the department's work. Trump adviser Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency cut dozens of contracts it dismissed as "woke" and wasteful. It gutted the Institute of Education Sciences, which gathers data on the nation's academic progress.
The department's main role is financial. Annually, it distributes billions in federal money to colleges and schools and manages the federal student loan portfolio. Closing the department would mean redistributing each of those duties to another agency.
The Education Department also plays an important regulatory role in services for students, ranging from those with disabilities to low-income and homeless kids.
Federal education money is central to Trump's plans for colleges and schools. He vowed to cut off federal money for schools and colleges that push "critical race theory, transgender insanity, and other inappropriate racial, sexual or political content" and to reward states and schools that end teacher tenure and support universal school choice programs.
Federal funding makes up a relatively small portion of public school budgets — roughly 14%. Colleges and universities are more reliant on it, through research grants along with federal financial aid that helps students pay their tuition.
Here is a look at some of the department's key functions, and how Trump said he might approach them.
Student loans and aid
The Education Department manages approximately $1.5 trillion in student loan debt for over 40 million borrowers. It also oversees the Pell Grant, which provides aid to students below a certain income threshold, and administers the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, which universities use to allocate financial aid.
President Joe Biden's administration made cancellation of student loan debt a signature effort of the department's work. Though the Supreme Court overturned Biden's initial attempt to cancel debt, the administration forgave more than $175 billion for more than 4.8 million borrowers through changes to programs it administers, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness.
The debt cancellation efforts faced Republican pushback, including litigation from several GOP-led states.
Trump criticized Biden's efforts to cancel debt as illegal and unfair, calling it a "total catastrophe" that "taunted young people." Trump's plan for student debt is uncertain.
Civil rights enforcement
Through its Office for Civil Rights, the Education Department conducts investigations and issues guidance on how civil rights laws should be applied, such as for LGBTQ+ students and students of color. The office also oversees a large data collection project that tracks disparities in resources, course access and discipline for students of different racial and socioeconomic groups.
Trump suggested a different interpretation of the office's civil rights role. Under his administration, the department instructed the office to prioritize complaints of antisemitism above all else and has opened investigations into colleges and school sports leagues for allowing transgender athletes to compete on women's teams.
In his campaign platform, Trump said he would pursue civil rights cases to "stop schools from discriminating on the basis of race." He described diversity and equity policies in education as "explicit unlawful discrimination." His administration launched investigations of dozens of colleges for alleged racial discrimination.
Trump also pledged to exclude transgender students from Title IX protections, which affect school policies on students' use of pronouns, bathrooms and locker rooms. Originally passed in 1972, Title IX was first used as a women's rights law. Last year, Biden's administration said the law forbids discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation, but a federal judge undid those protections.
College accreditation
While the Education Department does not directly accredit colleges and universities, it oversees the system by reviewing all federally recognized accrediting agencies. Institutions of higher education must be accredited to gain access to federal money for student financial aid.
Accreditation came under scrutiny from conservatives in 2022, when the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools questioned political interference at Florida public colleges and universities. Trump said he would fire "radical left accreditors" and take applications for new accreditors that would uphold standards including "defending the American tradition" and removing "Marxist" diversity administrators.
Though the education secretary has authority to terminate its relationship with individual accrediting agencies, it is an arduous process rarely pursued.
Under President Barack Obama, the department took steps to cancel accreditors for a now-defunct for-profit college chain, but the Trump administration blocked the move. The Biden administration terminated the group, the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, in 2022.
Money for schools
Much of the Education Department's money for K-12 schools goes through large federal programs, such as Title I for low-income schools and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Those programs support services for students with disabilities, lower class sizes with additional teaching positions, and pay for social workers and other nonteaching roles in schools.
Trump called for shifting those functions to the states. He has not offered details on how the agency's core functions of sending federal money to local districts and schools would be handled.
The Heritage Foundation's Project 2025, a sweeping proposal outlining a far-right vision for the country, offered a blueprint. It suggested sending oversight of programs for kids with disabilities and low-income children first to the Department of Health and Human Services, before eventually phasing out the funding and converting it to no-strings-attached grants to states.
